WanderingWalking with intent — sometimes called wandering — is a common behaviour in dementia that can be distressing for carers and families. It can happen suddenly, even in familiar surroundings, and may pose serious safety risks. While there are ways to reduce the likelihood of it happening, being prepared matters.
It’s worth noting that the word “wandering” can be misleading — it implies aimlessness, when in reality the person almost always has a purpose that makes complete sense from their own perspective. Understanding that purpose is often the starting point for a more effective response.
Why Does It Happen?
Walking with intent is usually caused by changes in the brain that affect memory, reasoning, and spatial awareness. Common triggers include:
- Confusion about time and place — the person may set out to visit somewhere from their past, unaware that things have changed
- Searching for something or someone — they may be looking for a familiar person, their childhood home, or a place they used to go regularly
- Restlessness or under-stimulation — if someone isn’t engaged, movement can feel like relief
- Following past routines — the person may believe they need to go to work or complete an old daily habit
- Anxiety or distress — walking can sometimes be a way of coping with emotional overwhelm or overstimulation
Signs That Someone May Be at Risk
- Expressing confusion about their surroundings or frequently saying they need to “go home”
- Struggling to remember familiar routes
- Becoming restless, particularly at certain times of day
- Trying to leave home unexpectedly or attempting to open doors repeatedly
- Returning home later than expected when going out alone
Recognising these signs early can help carers intervene before a situation becomes dangerous.
GPS Tracking Devices
For carers concerned about safety, GPS tracking devices can provide real peace of mind. These devices use satellite technology to pinpoint the location of the person wearing them, allowing carers to respond quickly if they go missing.
Potential benefits:
- Enhanced safety — if the person becomes lost, their location can be tracked in real time
- Faster response in emergencies — carers and emergency services can locate them quickly
- Independence and freedom — allows some people living with dementia to continue going out while still having a safety net
- Peace of mind for carers — reduces stress and worry
- Customisable alerts — some devices allow carers to set safe zones and receive notifications if the person leaves a designated area
Things to consider carefully:
- Privacy — some people may feel uncomfortable being tracked, particularly if they are unaware of the device
- Consent and autonomy — tracking should be for safety, not control; using GPS without someone’s knowledge or agreement raises important ethical questions
- Reliability — devices can fail due to low battery, weak signal, or technical faults
- Stigma — some people may feel labelled as vulnerable rather than supported
If the person living with dementia has capacity, the decision about whether to use a GPS device should involve them directly. If they lack capacity, any decision should be made in their best interests and follow relevant legal guidance. It’s always worth discussing with family members and professionals before going ahead.
For a more detailed look at GPS trackers in dementia care — including the different types available and the ethical considerations — see the full article: [GPS Trackers and Dementia: Safety, Choice, and Ethical Considerations.]
The Herbert Protocol
Alongside GPS tracking, one of the most practical tools available is the Herbert Protocol — a national initiative used by police forces across the UK. It involves completing a simple form in advance with key details about the person living with dementia, including:
- Personal details and a recent photograph
- Medical information
- Favourite places they may visit
- Routine behaviours and any previous incidents
If the person goes missing, this completed form can be handed to the police immediately, giving them a significant head start in the search. Having it ready before it’s needed can save vital time.
The Herbert Protocol form for the local area is available via Cleveland Police — Herbert Protocol.
Other Strategies to Reduce Risk
GPS trackers and the Herbert Protocol work best as part of a wider approach. Other helpful steps include:
- Creating a safe and engaging environment with meaningful activities and consistent routines
- Installing door alarms or motion sensors to alert carers if the person tries to leave
- Using identification bracelets or cards so that if the person does go out alone, someone can help them
- Encouraging regular movement in a safe space — providing opportunities for safe walks can reduce restlessness
For more on understanding why walking with intent happens and how to respond, see the full post: [Dementia and Elopement: Understanding Why People Leave and How to Respond.]
Seeking Support and Advice
If you are concerned about walking with intent, speaking with a GP, social worker, or dementia specialist can provide personalised guidance. Dementia UK and the Alzheimer’s Society both offer advice on safety measures and assistive technology.
GPS tracking is just one of many tools available to help keep people living with dementia safe. While it offers security and reassurance, any decision should prioritise the individual’s dignity, autonomy, and best interests. Combining technology with proactive planning — including the Herbert Protocol — creates a safer, more supportive environment for everyone involved.
Carer wellbeing is something we take seriously in the Getting to Know Dementia programme — particularly in Part 6, where we explore what it means to be an advocate, build a support team, and look after yourself alongside the person you care for. Find out more about the programme and upcoming dates.
Understanding behaviour in dementia — including why walking with intent occurs and how to respond — is also central to the Understanding Challenging Behaviour programme.
Sources:
- Dementia UK. (n.d.). “Wandering and getting lost.” Available at: https://www.dementiauk.org/get-support/maintaining-health-in-dementia/wandering-and-getting-lost/ [Accessed 9 March 2025]
- Alzheimer’s Society. (2023). “Wandering and dementia.” Available at: https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/get-support/staying-independent/wandering-and-dementia [Accessed 9 March 2025]
- Cleveland Police. (n.d.). “Herbert Protocol.” Available at: https://www.cleveland.police.uk/advice/advice-and-information/missing-persons/ [Accessed 9 March 2025]