Wandering (a.k.a walking with intent) is a common yet distressing behaviour for people living with dementia. It can happen suddenly, even in familiar surroundings, and may pose serious safety risks. While there are ways to reduce the likelihood of wandering, it’s essential for carers and families to be prepared. One solution that some choose to explore is the use of GPS tracking devices, but this comes with ethical considerations that must be carefully weighed.
Why Do People with Dementia Wander?
Wandering is often caused by changes in the brain that affect memory, reasoning, and spatial awareness. Common triggers include:
- Confusion about time and place – A person may set out to visit somewhere from their past, unaware that things have changed.
- Searching for something or someone – They may be looking for a loved one, their childhood home, or a familiar place.
- Restlessness or boredom – If someone is under-stimulated, they may walk simply for the sake of movement.
- Following past routines – A person may believe they need to go to work or complete an old daily habit.
- Response to anxiety or distress – Wandering can sometimes be a way of coping with emotional distress or overstimulation.
Recognising the early signs of wandering can help carers intervene before a situation becomes dangerous.
Signs That Someone May Be at Risk of Wandering
- They express confusion about their surroundings or frequently say they need to ‘go home’
- They struggle to remember familiar routes
- They become restless, especially at certain times of the day
- They try to leave home unexpectedly or attempt to open doors repeatedly
- They return home later than expected when going out alone
The Role of GPS Tracking Devices
For carers concerned about the safety of a loved one prone to wandering, GPS tracking devices can provide peace of mind. These devices use satellite technology to pinpoint the location of the person wearing them, allowing carers to respond quickly if they go missing.
Pros of GPS Tracking for People with Dementia
- Enhanced Safety – If a person becomes lost, their location can be tracked in real-time, reducing the risk of harm.
- Faster Response in Emergencies – Carers and emergency services can locate them quickly.
- Independence and Freedom – Allows some people with dementia to continue going out while still having a safety net.
- Peace of Mind for Carers – Reduces the stress and worry associated with the risk of wandering.
- Customisable Alerts – Some devices allow carers to set ‘safe zones’ and receive alerts if the person leaves a designated area.
Cons and Ethical Considerations
- Loss of Privacy – Some may feel uncomfortable being tracked, particularly if they are unaware of the device.
- Potential for Misuse – Tracking should be for safety, not control. Using GPS against someone’s will raises ethical concerns.
- Dependence on Technology – Devices can fail due to low battery, weak signal, or technical faults.
- Stigma and Autonomy – Some people may feel labelled as ‘vulnerable’ rather than empowered.
- Legal and Consent Issues – If a person lacks capacity, decisions about using a GPS device should be made in their best interests, following legal guidance.
Carers should have open discussions with family members and professionals before deciding whether GPS tracking is the right solution.
The Herbert Protocol: A Proactive Approach to Missing Incidents
While GPS trackers can help locate a missing person, another important tool is the Herbert Protocol, a national initiative used by police forces across the UK. This protocol involves completing a simple form with key details about the person with dementia, including:
- Personal details and a recent photograph
- Medical information
- Favourite places they may visit
- Routine behaviours and previous incidents of wandering
If the person goes missing, this form can be handed to the police to speed up search efforts. Having it completed in advance can save vital time.
📝 Download the Herbert Protocol form: Cleveland Police – Herbert Protocol
Other Strategies to Reduce the Risk of Wandering
While GPS trackers and the Herbert Protocol are useful tools, they should be part of a wider strategy for managing wandering. Some additional steps include:
- Creating a safe and engaging environment – Ensuring there are activities and routines to prevent boredom.
- Installing door alarms or motion sensors – These can alert carers if the person tries to leave.
- Using identification bracelets or cards – If the person does wander, this can help someone assist them.
- Encouraging regular movement in a safe space – Providing opportunities for safe walks can help reduce the urge to wander.
Seeking Support and Advice
If you are concerned about wandering, speaking with a GP, social worker, or dementia specialist can provide personalised guidance. Organisations such as Dementia UK and the Alzheimer’s Society also offer advice on safety measures and assistive technology.
GPS tracking is just one of many tools available to help keep people with dementia safe. While it offers security and reassurance, it’s essential to consider the ethical implications and ensure that any decisions prioritise the individual’s dignity and autonomy. Combining technology with proactive planning—such as the Herbert Protocol—can create a safer, more supportive environment for those at risk of wandering.
Sources:
- Dementia UK. (n.d.). “Wandering and getting lost.” Available at: https://www.dementiauk.org/get-support/maintaining-health-in-dementia/wandering-and-getting-lost/ [Accessed 9 March 2025]
- Alzheimer’s Society. (2023). “Wandering and dementia.” Available at: https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/get-support/staying-independent/wandering-and-dementia [Accessed 9 March 2025]
- Cleveland Police. (n.d.). “Herbert Protocol.” Available at: https://www.cleveland.police.uk/advice/advice-and-information/missing-persons/ [Accessed 9 March 2025]
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